Overjustification effects in token economies.

Token and taboo: behavior modification, token economies, and the law.

A theory of equilibrium in token economies.

A theory is presented which predicts that performance will stabilize at an equilibrium level in a long-term token economy. This prediction is based on the joint consideration of consumption schedules (relationships between income and expenditure) and a hypothesized critical range of savings (a range of savings above which performance deteriorates and below which performance improves). Procedure...

Ergodic Effects in Token Circulation

We consider a dynamical process in a network which distributes all tokens located at a node among its neighbors, in a round-robin manner. We show that in the recurrent state of this dynamics (i.e., disregarding a polynomially long initialization phase of the system), the number of particles located on a given edge, averaged over an interval of time, is tightly concentrated around the average pa...

How to Make a Token Economy Work: Goals and Variables of Token Economies with the Institutionalized Mentally Retarded

Introduction The Token Economy Advantages of Token Economies Problems of Token Economies Management/Control Goals Disruptive Behavior Ward Care Behavior Self-care Behavior Therapeutic/Educative Goals Verbal Behaviors Social Behaviors Implementation of the Token Economy Staff Training Backup Reinforcers Social Reinforcement Economic Balance and Savings Intermittant Reinforcement Su~ary and Concl...

The Role of Institutions in the Dynamic Effects of Oil Revenues in Oil Economies

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the system of oil revenues effects on the production performance of oil-rich countries in both short and long-run. To reveal new insight, a macroeconomic model is designed to hypothesize long-run structural relations in the economies of the oil-rich countries including three long-run relationships of real output, real money balance, and the adjusted p...